XML (Extensible Markup Language) is widely used for representing structured data. Python provides robust libraries for handling XML files. This article covers how to update XML files in Python, focusing on updating element values, deleting elements, and handling empty or null values.
Libraries Used
The primary library used in this tutorial is `xml.etree.ElementTree`, which is part of Python's standard library.
import xml.etree.ElementTree as ET
Sample XML File
Here is a sample XML file we'll be working with:
<?xml version='1.0' encoding='utf-8'?>
<urlset xmlns="http://www.sitemaps.org/schemas/sitemap/0.9"
xmlns:image="http://www.google.com/schemas/sitemap-image/1.1">
<url>
<loc>https://neptuneworld.in/blog/rest-graphql-future-api-design</loc>
<lastmod>2024-02-25</lastmod>
<changefreq>always</changefreq>
<priority>1.0</priority>
<image:image>
<image:loc>https://neptuneworld.in/media/static/website/blogs/GraphQL.JPG</image:loc>
</image:image>
</url>
</urlset>
Updating Element Values
To update an element's value, you need to locate the element and set its text attribute to the new value.
tree = ET.parse('sitemap.xml')
root = tree.getroot()
# Namespace dictionary
namespaces = {
'default': 'http://www.sitemaps.org/schemas/sitemap/0.9',
'image': 'http://www.google.com/schemas/sitemap-image/1.1'
}
# Update the value of the <priority> element
for priority in root.findall('.//default:priority', namespaces):
priority.text = '0.8'
tree.write('updated_sitemap.xml', encoding='utf-8', xml_declaration=True)
Deleting an Element
To delete an element, you need to find its parent first, and then remove the child element.
tree = ET.parse('sitemap.xml')
root = tree.getroot()
# Find the parent element of <image:image> and remove the <image:image> child
for url in root.findall('default:url', namespaces):
image_elem = url.find('image:image', namespaces)
if image_elem is not None:
url.remove(image_elem)
tree.write('updated_sitemap.xml', encoding='utf-8', xml_declaration=True)
Handling Empty or Null Values
To update empty or null elements, you can check if the element's text is `None` or an empty string before updating it.
tree = ET.parse('sitemap.xml')
root = tree.getroot()
# Update <lastmod> element if it is empty or null
for lastmod in root.findall('.//default:lastmod', namespaces):
if lastmod.text is None or lastmod.text.strip() == '':
lastmod.text = '2024-06-30'
tree.write('updated_sitemap.xml', encoding='utf-8', xml_declaration=True)
How to Read Value
To read value from elements, you can check if the element's text is `None` before reading value then read the value else return not found.
msgid_element = root.find('.//ns:MsgId', ns)
if msgid_element is not None:
msgid_value = msgid_element.text
print(f'MsgId: {msgid_value}')
else:
print('MsgId element not found')
Complete Example
Here is a complete example that demonstrates updating an element value, deleting an element, and handling empty or null values.
import xml.etree.ElementTree as ET
# Load the XML file
tree = ET.parse('sitemap.xml')
root = tree.getroot()
# Namespace dictionary
namespaces = {
'default': 'http://www.sitemaps.org/schemas/sitemap/0.9',
'image': 'http://www.google.com/schemas/sitemap-image/1.1'
}
# Update the value of the <priority> element
for priority in root.findall('.//default:priority', namespaces):
priority.text = '0.8'
# Find the parent element of <image:image> and remove the <image:image> child
for url in root.findall('default:url', namespaces):
image_elem = url.find('image:image', namespaces)
if image_elem is not None:
url.remove(image_elem)
# Update <lastmod> element if it is empty or null
for lastmod in root.findall('.//default:lastmod', namespaces):
if lastmod.text is None or lastmod.text.strip() == '':
lastmod.text = '2024-06-30'
# Save the updated XML file
tree.write('updated_sitemap.xml', encoding='utf-8', xml_declaration=True)
Conclusion
Handling XML files in Python is straightforward with the `xml.etree.ElementTree` module. You can update element values, delete elements, and handle empty or null values efficiently. This tutorial provides a foundation for manipulating XML files, allowing you to adapt these methods to more complex XML structures as needed.